Volcanic Eruptions in Iceland

Volcanic Eruptions in Iceland Take-home Test Describe the three different types of volcanic eruptions that have given rise to Iceland’s volcanic landforms. Effusive: An effusive eruption is a volcanic eruption characterized by the flow of lava onto the ground. Lava flows generated by effusive eruptions vary in shape, thickness, length, and width depending on the type of lava that erupted, the type of discharge, the slope of the ground over which the lava travels, and the duration of the volcanic eruption. Explosive: This is a violent, explosive type of eruption. This is a result of when sufficient gas has dissolved under pressure within a viscous magma, such that the discharged lava violently bubbles up into volcanic ash as pressure is suddenly lowered at the vent. Explosive eruptions can send rocks, dust, gas and lava fragments into the atmosphere. A cloud is then created which then collapses, creating a flow of hot volcanic matter (gas + rocks). Mixed: This eruption is a mixture of both lava and tephra (fragmental material produced by a volcanic eruption). Describe the characteristics of a Tuya. How does this acquire its distinctive shape? A Tuyais a flat-topped, steep-sided  volcano  formed when  lava  erupts through a thick  glacier  or  ice sheet. Such volcanic formations are restricted to regions which were covered by  glaciers  and had volcanic activity during the same period. Their formation is due to lava that erupts under a glacier and cools very quickly. It cannot travel far, so it piles up into a steep-sided hill. Define the term jà ¶kulhlaup and explain its significance to Iceland. Jà ¶kulhlaups in Iceland may originate from marginal or subglacial sources of water melted by atmospheric processes, permanent geothermal heat or volcanic eruptions. Glacier-volcano interactions produce meltwater that either drains toward the glacier margin or accumulates in subglacial lakes. Iceland is a unique and valuable study-site for glacio-volcanic interactions. The jà ¶kulhlaups can be seen as modern analogues of past mega floods on the earth and their exploration may improve understanding of ice-volcano processes on other planets. Jo ¨kulhlaups, both those draining meltwater stored in subglacial lakes and meltwater produced during a volcanic eruption, have significant landscaping potential: they erode large canyons and transport enormous quantities of sediment and icebergs over vast outwash plains. What are the origins of Icelandic river waters? Describe the relevant main characteristics. Icelandic rivers are of three general types: The glacial-fed rivers which carry large quantities of fine silt and are typically brown in colour. Their runoff, being conditioned by ice melt, is high in the summer and low in the winter. Glacial rivers are close to freezing at source but warm up considerably in lowland areas. They typically divide into many interlinked distributaries which constantly change direction. The direct runoff rivers; are relatively clear. They are characteristic of old basaltic areas where the bedrock is impermeable. They have their greatest flows in the spring during snowmelt and in autumn following heavy rains. Water temperature in these streams generally follows the air temperature. The spring-fed stream drains areas covered by permeable post-glacial lava fields. In these zones the ground is more porous; therefore water emerges in springs at lower levels to supply the rivers with a constant flow of generally clear water. These spring-fed rivers have a water temperature of 3–5 °C at source and never freeze over at that point. Their beds and banks are usually stable. Explain the following terms: Tephrochronology: A geo-chronological technique that uses discrete layers of tephravolcanic ash from a single eruption to create a chronological framework in which archaeological records can be placed. Cryptotephra: Very few studies have looked in detail at the sedimentation and distribution of cryptotephra deposits within sequences and, more importantly, the criteria for defining the correct stratigraphic position of the volcanic event. Cryptotephra is a tephra-derived glass shard which is not that visible to the naked human eye since they are less than 125micrometers. Isopachs: Lines on a map or diagrams which connect points beneath which a particular stratum or group of strata has the same thickness. One measure used to tackle the problem of soil erosion is re-seeding with appropriate floral species. What characteristics of a plant would make it suitable for such a purpose? Soil stabilizing plants range in size, root type (ideally long), degree of ground cover (fast growth) and visual appeal, and selecting a variety of plants is essential for combating the impact of wind and water erosion. Low plants provide ground cover from wind, while higher trees slow down the force of rain before it hits the ground or more delicate ground cover plants. Once plants are established, their life cycles help return nutrients to the soil to encourage future plant growth (important to have an easy seed dispersal process as well) and maintain adequate moisture levels to avoid soil drying or oversaturation. Describe one method that could be used to measure the profile of a beach. Select sampling points for beach profiles across the width of the beach. At each sample point in turn, place a pole at the start and finish. The first point should ideally be the low tide mark, or as close to it. The next step is to note the main changes in slope angle up the beach, each change is to inform the ‘sections for the profile. For each change in slope, use a clinometer to take a bearing to record the slope angle (It is important to ensure that the bearing is taken from a point on the pole that corresponds with the eye level of the person using the clinometer). Measure the distance along the ground of the section, and record this information alongside the slope angle. Repeat processes for each break in slope that you have identified. Explain the following: Lateral moraines: Parallel ridges of debris deposited along the sides of a glacier. The unconsolidated debris can be deposited on top of the glacier by frost shattering of the valley walls or tributary streams flowing into the valley. Because lateral moraines are deposited on top of the glacier, they do not experience the postglacial erosion of the valley floor and therefore, as the glacier melts, lateral moraines are usually preserved as high ridges. Lateral moraines stand high because they protect the ice under them from the elements, causing it to melt or sublime less than the uncovered parts of the glacier. Multiple lateral moraines may develop as the glacier advances and retreats. Kettle Lake: Kettles are depressions left behind after partially-buried ice blocks melt. Kettle Lake describes the way the lake basin was formed. While glaciers were forming, a block of ice broke of, and found a uniform position. As the glacier continued to melt, the debris from the glacier (soil, rocks, stones, gravel, etc.) filled in around the block of ice. When the block of ice finally melted, all the debris surrounding it fell into the hole, creating the kettle type basin, which when filled with water, became a lake as we know it. Outwash plain: is a flat region formed of glacial sediments deposited by melt water outwash at the terminus of a glacier. Explain the presence of wave-cut platforms in areas of Iceland presently distant from the coast. A wave-cut platform is the narrow flat area often found at the base of a sea cliff or along the shoreline of a lake, bay, or sea that was created by the erosion of waves. Wave-cut platforms are often most obvious at low tide when they become visible as huge areas of flat rock. In Iceland, some cases, the rock is relatively easy to erode. Sea-level changes have left a stamp on the coast, and wave-cut platforms can be seen in many around Iceland. Distinguish between mafic and felsic lava: These words are used to indicate the chemical composition of silicate minerals, magmas, and igneous rocks. Mafic is used for silicate minerals, magmas, and rocks which are relatively high in the heavier elements. The minerals are usually dark in color and have relatively high specific gravities and also represent material which is newly differentiated from the upper mantle. Felsic is used for silicate minerals, magmas, and rocks which have a lower percentage of the heavier elements, and are correspondingly enriched in the lighter elements, such as silicon and oxygen. Felsic minerals are usually light in color and have specific gravities. The most common felsic rock is granite, which represents the purified end product of the earths internal differentiation process. What is the nominal fix accuracy of a GPS? Why can a DGPS improve this nominal accuracy? The nominal fix accuracy of a GPS is of 100 meters with a selective availability enabled on the system. The GPS has a number of small errors (e.g signal delay), so a DGPS can be used to improve nominal accuracy since it transmits messages from local stations that are connected to satellites, producing better and accurate data readings. In cartographic terms, explain why the datum used by a GPS navigation set must be the same as for the reference chart being used. A datum is a set of reference points on the Earths surface against which their position can be associated with a model of the shape of the Earth to define a geodetic coordinate system. Horizontal datum is used to describe a point in latitude and longitude. A vertical datum measures elevations or depths. Because the Earth is an imperfect ellipsoid, all localized datums can give a more accurate representation of the area which is being covered than the latest version of the World Geodetic System datum (84). Marie Claire Attard Bason

School Essay

7 PERIOD IF I WERE PRESIDENT ESSAY! If I were president, two of my main focuses would be reducing job cuts and going make more jobs. My first plan of action would be to reduce gas prices by not importing oil; I would drill it here in the U. S. That would slowly build us more money, meaning less job cuts. Also, we could reduce the mass production of sweets and would save money by not using factories as much, also reducing pollution in the air, which is one way to go green. Recently the company of IBM in San Francisco cut 1,500 employees.Getting fired for no reason is hard, harder than being fired for a reason. What Peter Arnett once said, â€Å"I am still in shock and awe at being fired. † This is what every one of those 1,500 employees were thinking. So, once we slowly earned enough money by keeping the candy production reduced and oil drilled in our country, we might be able to stop job cuts for good. Another act would be to raise cigarette prices. My reason for this action i s that if I did raise the price, it would give smokers yet another reason to quit smoking, lowering the death rate a little bit too.After that, I then would make marijuana legal for medical purposes, because marijuana can be healthy in certain cases, for example, if you have arthritis, it can help a bit, but it will only be legal if prescribed by your doctor, or citizens could easily use it for the wrong purposes. Also I would keep the tax level in the United States the same, because the government would need the money for the plans I would have just executed, and to keep your money balanced, similar to how wolves keep the deer population balanced.My last and final act would be trying to make peace with as many countries as I could, but at the same time still having war with the countries I haven’t made peace with. Then, with the countries I made peace with, I would trade with them goods with goods so both of us could easily get what we can’t reach. Plus, if I don†™t make peace with other countries, I would make or try to grow goods here in the US so we don’t have to import and waste time, gas, and money.While we are superpowers in the eyes of the world, I believe there are things that must be changed to reflect the fame and superiority associated with America in the international arena. If I were a president, I would strive to accomplish three major issues. To begin with, to ensure food security and better health care, second, would improve the education system of our country, third, I would ensure that our every American is secure. I have to admit that a government which is not able to feed its citizens has no reason of being in power.A healthy nation is very vital in sustainable development since a nation cannot develop when the citizen continuously suffer from different diseases. As stated above, my first task is to strive to enhance food security in my country. According to Mwaniki (‘n. d’), food security is a situa tion in which all people, at all times, have physical and economic access to adequate, safe and healthful food to meet their dietetic needs and food preferences for active strong life.Having minded the challenge it offers. There is need for targeted food security interventions, including food support in the form of direct food relief, food stamps, or indirectly through subsidized food production. Most of the farmers in the rural areas are poor and therefore cannot manage to purchase heavy machines for mechanization. As the president I strive for the introduction of Rural off farm opportunities to enable even the poorest people to engage in and provide additional food supply.This mechanism will even provide financial assistance for the farmers, processing firms to be introduced in these places. This mechanism provides alternative sources of food and change in feeding habits. Another important aspect that is needed is facilitation of market access. To achieve this, I intend to ensure good governance. This plays an integral part in implementation of this intervention. Without good governance, the strategies cannot be fully implemented due to problems for instance corruption.In essence, where there is sufficient supply of food, the nation becomes healthy hence rapid economic growth. Ensuring substantial education for all citizens is the foundation of the rationality of a particular community. A learned society is easy to govern compared to a society full of ignorant individuals. To improve our education system, I have considered the following measures; Training colleges for teachers must be restructured to more extensive teaching mechanisms. This intends to have more qualified and motivated teachers.This I intend to achieve to restore the dignity of institutions and the teaching profession. Free forum for teachers where teachers and students can exchange their ideas, experiences, and information must be adopted. This is to create a conducive atmosphere for learnin g. As the President I will give direction to execute some reforms in the curriculum and examination system. Since education should form the whole person, it should be made relevant to the lives of the citizens particularly the students.The system of education should be more pragmatic rather than being abstract and examination should not be geared towards obtaining grades and papers but towards achieving the whole personhood. Since the world is dynamic, there a need to introduce the use of information and communication technology system in our schools. This is to facilitate and enhance coordination among different departments in our schools. This requires installation of computer software as well as connectivity facilities. Lastly, everyone has a right to access to education and therefore I will ensure that no one is deprived of education.Even the minorities are to benefit fro this plans which also intends to offer free high school and college education to accommodate even the less f ortunate. Food security and health services, education and security within our borders play an integral role in sustainable development and the general welfare of the people. To eliminate ignorance in people by improving the education system from a theoretical sense to a pragmatic one will help to improve the economy of the country. I believe with my natural feeling to lead this country can drive me on towards achieving these goals

Social Action At The Lower East Side Tenement Museum

Case study 3: Social action at the Lower East Side Tenement Museum Ruth J. Abram, who wanted to create a museum centered upon an experience common to the majority of Americans, founded the Lower East Side Tenement Museum. Abram believed that the immigrant experience was something that diverse groups of people could relate to and unite together on, moving Americans â€Å"to participate in a national conversation with similarly situated, contemporary immigrants and other ‘outsiders’†(Abram 2005:21). As we can see, Abram has been dedicated from the start to civic engagement through community collaboration. Abram continually ensures that the museum has the resources and insight needed for community engagement. This is done in several ways. For instance, Abram and the Board of Trustees are committed to ensuring that there is funding for not only the various programs the museum engage in, but also for the staff’s needs. They are committed to having a diverse and inclusive team, comprised of individuals from multiple backgrounds. Furthermore, they have 32 full time staff positions and 30 part-time docents (Abram 2005). It is this kind of commitment that has contributed to successful and sustainable community collaboration. Staff members often speak more than one language and have experienced many of the same issues that past and present immigrants have faced such as welfare (Abram 2005). This brings in diverse experiences and stories into the museum space. As Abram has pointed out â€Å"TheShow MoreRelatedHow The Theory Of Civic Engagement Can Be Used For Create Successful And Sustainable Collaborations Between Museums And The1737 Words   |  7 Pagesconcrete examples of how the theory of civic engagement can be used to create successful and sustainable collaborations between museums and the communities they serve. Case Study 1: Developing Exhibit Programming at Carnegie Museum of Natural History The case study of the preparation of the arrival of the traveling exhibit Race: Are We so Different? by the Carnegie Museum of Natural History (Cole 2014) demonstrates how this approach of institutional capacity to create, sustain, and nourish relationshipsRead MoreHistory of Social Work18530 Words   |  75 PagesInstitute of Social Sciences Compiled by S.Rengasamy-History of Social Welfare / Social Work Contents History of Social Welfare/ Social Work ..........................................................................................................................3 The need to understand history of social work .............................................................................................................3 Framework to understand History of Social Welfare / Social Work .....Read MoreLangston Hughes Research Paper25309 Words   |  102 Pageson. You [will] see and hear and feel Jesus in your soul. At a revival, Langston watched other children go to the altar. He wanted to accompany them, but the Spirit did not enter his heart. He sat in the pew and waited. Auntie Reed knelt by his side, praying earnestly. Desperate to please her, Langston finally knelt at the altar and accepted Christ as his savior, but in his heart, he knew that he had not experienced salvation. That night in bed, Langston wept and admitted to God that he had

Enlightenment And The Great Awakening - 814 Words

In the 18th century, Enlightenment and the Great Awakening changed the idea of freedom for the colonists. The Great Awakening was a time of religious revival in the colonies. Enlightenment was an intellectual movement in the 18th century which emphasized economic and political freedom. American and British tensions grew in this time period due to Britain wanting America to be under the king’s control. Enlightenment, the Great Awakening, the Founding Fathers, and different social groups changed the ideas of freedom and equality. During the American Revolution, the idea of freedom changed from Enlightenment and the Founding Father’s ideas of economic freedom, to equality in social groups such as slaves, Native Americans, and woman.†¦show more content†¦Men such as George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, and John Adams helped shape the new country and fight for the freedom that they deserved. George Washington was the commander of the Continental Army and helped lead the Patriots to the victory they deserved. Thomas Jefferson was the main author of the Declaration of Independence, and was a strong advocate for the freedom of the colonists and the respect of their natural rights. John Adams was a lawyer and diplomat who helped fight for American independance. Thomas Jefferson had said â€Å"We hold these truths to be self-evident: that all men are created equal; that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights; that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.† This quote stresses the importance of how Britain was not only taking away the American’s freedom, but their natural rights. All three of these Founding Fathers had one goal, freedom for the colonists. Finally, the different social groups had the biggest impact on changing the idea of equality. First of all, the revolution had brought about an Egalitarian society. Wealth no longer determined someone’s self worth. Attributes such as ability, effort, and virtue defined somebody’s self worth. During the revolution, woman stepped up from their role as a housewife, to somebody who got to work in factories or even be a part of the Patriots. They were treated with the same amount of respect as their husbands. Slaves and freemen fought forShow MoreRelatedThe Enlightenment and the Great Awakening.1534 Words   |  7 PagesThe Great Awakening and the Enlightenment were two historical events that shaped the thoughts of people and religion in America. The most important factor in both of these events is the common theme of reason behind the movements. The Great Awakening began about the 1930s and reached its climax ten years later in 1740. What exactly was the Great Awakening? I t was a wave of religion revivals sweeping through New England that increased conversions and church membership. The beginnings of the GreatRead MoreThe Great Awakening And The Enlightenment866 Words   |  4 PagesThe Great Awakening and the Enlightenment both profoundly impacted the American Revolution. Both ideas brought about a better understanding of the role of government in governing its people, the function of religion in the State, and a more general keener awareness of the rights of man. However, overall, the Enlightenment played the most pivotal role in bringing the American Revolution to fruition. The Great Awakening’s goal was to merely enhance the role of religion in people’s lives, and didRead MoreThe Great Awakening And Enlightenment991 Words   |  4 Pages The ages of Great Awakening and Enlightenment were two of the earliest movements in the early colonies. These movements proved that people can be influenced in many different ways in relation to politics and religion. The Great Awakening called for the revival of the evangelical movement, while the age of Enlightenment took the focus off of the traditional church and dared colonists to apply individualistic views of religion, thus birthing many new religious denominations that challenged traditionalRead MoreThe First Great Awakening And The Age Of Enlightenment1663 Words   |  7 Pagescharacters, feelings, and most importantly God. As the Age of Enlightenment gradually came to an end, the British American colonists were ready to progress beyond the ideology of human reason and depend solely on biblical revelation. During the eighteenth century, a great movement known as the First Great Awakening swept through Protestant Europe and America, leaving a permanent impact on Protestantism. Furthermore, during the First Great Awakening, American colonists gained a deeper sense of personal revelationRead MoreThe Enlighment and the Great Awakening Influence on the American Revolution741 Words   |  3 PagesBoth the Enlightenment and the Great awakening caused the colonists to alter their views about government, the role of government, as well as society at large which ultimately and collectively helped to motivate the colonists to revolt against England. The Enlightenment was vital in almost every part of the founding of America, which included everything from government, to politics itself, as well as religion. Many of the ideas from the Enlightenment and the Great Awakening shaped our country asRead MoreA Leader Of Large Scale Boycotts On British Goods1445 Words   |  6 Pagesevents like the Great Awakening and Enlightenment, and the emergence of unique opinions like the Whig ideology. However, the colonists continued to demonstrate close ties to their mother country through satisfaction with the mercantilist policies controlling trade in the colonies. Although mercantilism imposed by the British brought the colonies and England closer, the concepts of individual liberty and choice that arose in pre-Revolutionary America through the Great Awakening, Enlightenment, and WhigRead MoreThe Founding Fathers The Politicians Who Led Colonial Assemblies And Congresses1522 Words   |  7 Pagesthrough events like the Great Awakening and Enlightenment, and the emergence of parties such as the Whigs. Meanwhile, they continued to hold close ties to their mother country through imitative actions caused b y the mercantilist policies controlling trade and taxes. Although mercantilism imposed by the British brought the colonies and England closer, the ideas of individual liberty and choice that arose in pre-Revolutionary America including the Great Awakening, Enlightenment, and Whig ideologies dividedRead MoreCauses Of The American Revolution1418 Words   |  6 PagesThe American Revolution was not just a spontaneous revolt over taxes some may think . There were many things that led up to the outbreak of the American Revolution, such as the Navigation Act, the Enlightenment, the Great Awakening, the French and Indian War, the Boston Massacre, and the Coercive Acts. It took many years for it to take place. This all started previously before 1775 with the first major event being the Navigation Acts of 1651. The Navigation Act of 1651 was an attempt to put moreRead MoreThe American Revolution And The War For Independence779 Words   |  4 Pagespolitics, culture, and religion. Politics were a significant cause because the colonist disliked the rules and regulations of the Charter that the King established. Culture also caused the Revolution due to the rational thinking of the Enlightenment. The Enlightenment gave the colonist the thought of self governing instead of being under the royal leader. Finally, Religion also impacted the American Revolution because Religion contributed the idea that the church should voice their opinion on governmentRead MoreImpact Of The Columbian Exchange On The New World Essay1570 Words   |  7 PagesII the brother in law to England’s Queen Elizabeth. This defeat gave strength to the Protestant cause across Europe. It also confirmed England’s naval supremacy, and it gave way to further colonization in America. Queen Elizabeth was looked at a s a great rules after this defeat of her brother in law. 5. Describe the â€Å"Headright system†. - This system gave male English colonist who bought a share in the Virginia Company and also could pay for their passage to Virginia would be given 50 acres upon arrival